Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260 - c. 340) was the first Christian writer to compose a large "History of the Church," covering the entire period from the first Apostles down to his own day in ten volumes.  This "Ecclesiastical History" is our principal source for the history of the early Church.  It includes many summaries, short excerpts, and longer quotations from the writings of previous Christian leaders and authors, whose works have not survived independently.  Although the exact meanings of some of these passages are difficult to determine and are highly disputed among scholars, they are usually our earliest sources for the opinions of the first few generations of Christians.

[Note: The following translations are from "The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers; Second Series; Volume 1."  Subtitles and square brackets below are my own explanatory additions.]

Papias gives also in his own work other accounts of the words of the Lord on the authority of Aristion who was mentioned above, and traditions as handed down by the presbyter John; to which we refer those who are fond of learning.  But now we must add to the words of his which we have already quoted the tradition which he gives in regard to MARK, the author of the Gospel.  It is in the following words:  "This also the presbyter said: Mark, having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately, though not indeed in order, whatsoever he remembered of the things done or said by Christ.  For he neither heard the Lord nor followed him, but afterward, as I said, he followed Peter, who adapted his teaching to the needs of his hearers, but with no intention of giving a connected account of the Lord’s discourses, so that Mark committed no error while he thus wrote some things as he remembered them.  For he was careful of one thing, not to omit any of the things which he had heard, and not to state any of them falsely."  These things are related by Papias concerning Mark.  But concerning MATTHEW he writes as follows:  "So then Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language, and every one interpreted them as he was able."  And the same writer uses testimonies from the first Epistle of John and from that of Peter likewise.  And he relates another story of a woman, who was accused of many sins before the Lord, which is contained in the Gospel according to the Hebrews. These things we have thought it necessary to observe in addition to what has already been stated.  (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 3.39.14-17)

And thus when the divine word had made its home among them [the Christians in Rome], the power of Simon [the magician] was quenched and immediately destroyed, together with the man himself.  And so greatly did the splendor of piety illumine the minds of PETER'S hearers that they were not satisfied with hearing once only, and were not content with the unwritten teaching of the divine Gospel, but with all sorts of entreaties they besought MARK, a follower of Peter, and the one whose Gospel is extant, that he would leave them a written monument of the doctrine which had been orally communicated to them. Nor did they cease until they had prevailed with the man, and had thus become the occasion of the written Gospel which bears the name of MARK.  And they say that Peter when he had learned, through a revelation of the Spirit, of that which had been done, was pleased with the zeal of the men, and that the work obtained the sanction of his authority for the purpose of being used in the churches.  Clement in the eighth book of his Hypotyposes gives this account, and with him agrees the bishop of Hierapolis named Papias.  And Peter makes mention of Mark in his first epistle which they say that he wrote in Rome itself, as is indicated by him, when he calls the city, by a figure, Babylon, as he does in the following words:  "The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son" (1 Peter 5:13).  And they say that this Mark was the first that was sent to Egypt, and that he proclaimed the Gospel which he had written, and first established churches in Alexandria.  (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 2.15.1-2, 2.16.1)

Again, in the same books [the Hypotyposeis], Clement gives the tradition of the earliest presbyters, as to the order of the Gospels, in the following manner:  "The Gospels containing the genealogies [i.e. Matt and Luke], he says, were written first.  The Gospel according to MARK had this occasion. As Peter had preached the Word publicly at Rome, and declared the Gospel by the Spirit, many who were present requested that Mark, who had followed him for a long time and remembered his sayings, should write them out.  And having composed the Gospel he gave it to those who had requested it.  When Peter learned of this, he neither directly forbade nor encouraged it.  But, last of all, JOHN, perceiving that the external facts had been made plain in the Gospel, being urged by his friends, and inspired by the Spirit, composed a spiritual Gospel."  This is the account of Clement.  (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 6.14.5-7).

Afterward he [DIONYSIUS] speaks in this manner of the Apocalypse of John.  "Some before us have set aside and rejected the book altogether, criticizing it chapter by chapter, and pronouncing it without sense or argument, and maintaining that the title is fraudulent.  For they say that it is not the work of John, nor is it a revelation, because it is covered thickly and densely by a veil of obscurity.  And they affirm that none of the apostles, rend none of the saints, nor any one in the Church is its author, but that Cerinthus, who founded the sect which was called after him the Cerinthian, desiring reputable authority for his fiction, prefixed the name.  For the doctrine which he taught was this: that the kingdom of Christ will be an earthly one.  And as he was himself devoted to the pleasures of the body and altogether sensual in his nature, he dreamed that that kingdom would consist in those things which he desired, namely, in the delights of the belly and of sexual passion; that is to say, in eating and drinking and marrying, and in festivals and sacrifices and the slaying of victims, under the guise of which he thought he could indulge his appetites with a better grace.  But I could not venture to reject the book, as many brethren hold it in high esteem.  But I suppose that it is beyond my comprehension, and that there is a certain concealed and more wonderful meaning in every part.  For if I do not understand I suspect that a deeper sense lies beneath the words.  I do not measure and judge them by my own reason, but leaving the more to faith regard them as too high for me to grasp.  And I do not reject what I cannot comprehend, but rather wonder because I do not understand it."

After this he examines the entire Book of Revelation, and having proved that it is impossible to understand it according to the literal sense, proceeds as follows:  "Having finished all the prophecy, so to speak, the prophet pronounces those blessed who shall observe it, and also himself.  For he says, ‘Blessed is he that keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book, and I, John, who saw and heard these things’ (Rev 22:7-8).  Therefore that he was called John, and that this book is the work of one John, I do not deny. And I agree also that it is the work of a holy and inspired man. But I cannot readily admit that he was the apostle, the son of Zebedee, the brother of James, by whom the Gospel of John and the Catholic Epistle were written. For I judge from the character of both, and the forms of expression, and the entire execution of the book, that it is not his. For the evangelist nowhere gives his name, or proclaims himself, either in the Gospel or Epistle."

Farther on he [Dionysius] adds: "But John never speaks as if referring to himself, or as if referring to another person.  But the author of the Apocalypse introduces himself at the very beginning:  ‘The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which he gave him to show unto his servants quickly; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John, who bare witness of the word of God and of his testimony, even of all things that he saw’ (Rev 1:1-2).  Then he writes also an epistle: ‘John to the seven churches which are in Asia, grace be with you, and peace’ (Rev 1:4).  But the evangelist did not prefix his name even to the Catholic Epistle; but without introduction he begins with the mystery of the divine revelation itself:  ‘That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes’ (1 John 1:1).  For because of such a revelation the Lord also blessed Peter, saying, ‘Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jonah, for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my heavenly Father’ (Matt 16:17).  But neither in the reputed second or third epistle of John, though they are very short, does the name John appear; but there is written the anonymous phrase, ‘the elder’ (2 John 1; 3 John 1).  But this author did not consider it sufficient to give his name once and to proceed with his work; but he takes it up again:  ‘I, John, who also am your brother and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and in the patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that is called Patmos for the Word of God and the testimony of Jesus’ (Rev 1:9).  And toward the close he speaks thus: ‘Blessed is he that keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book, and I, John, who saw and heard these things’ (Rev 22:7-8).  But that he who wrote these things was called John must be believed, as he says it; but who he was does not appear. For he did not say, as often in the Gospel, that he was the beloved disciple of the Lord, or the one who lay on his breast, or the brother of James, or the eyewitness and hearer of the Lord. For he would have spoken of these things if he had wished to show himself plainly. But he says none of them; but speaks of himself as our brother and companion, and a witness of Jesus, and blessed because he had seen and heard the revelations. But I am of the opinion that there were many with the same name as the apostle John, who, on account of their love for him, and because they admired and emulated him, and desired to be loved by the Lord as he was, took to themselves the same surname, as many of the children of the faithful are called Paul or Peter.  For example, there is also another John, surnamed Mark, mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, whom Barnabas and Paul took with them (Acts 12:25), of whom also it is said, ‘And they had also John as their attendant’ (Acts 13:5).  But that it is he who wrote this, I would not say.  For it not written that he went with them into Asia, but, ‘Now when Paul and his company set sail from Paphos, they came to Perga in Pamphylia and John departing from them returned to Jerusalem’ (Acts 13:13).  But I think that he was some other one of those in Asia; as they say that there are two monuments in Ephesus, each bearing the name of John."  (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 7.25.1-16)

There are extant five books of PAPIAS (ca. 60-130; bishop of Hierapolis), which bear the title Expositions of Oracles of the Lord. IRENAEUS (ca. 130-200, bishop of Lyons) makes mention of these as the only works written by him, in the following words: "These things are attested by Papias, an ancient man who was a hearer of John and a companion of POLYCARP (ca. 69-155, bishop of Smyrna), in his fourth book. For five books have been written by him."  These are the words of Irenaeus.

But Papias himself in the preface to his discourses by no means declares that he was himself a hearer and eye-witness of the holy apostles, but he shows by the words which he uses that he received the doctrines of the faith from those who were their friends.  He says: "But I shall not hesitate also to put down for you along with my interpretation whatsoever things I have at any time learned carefully from the elders and carefully remembered, guaranteeing their truth.  For I did not, like the multitude, take pleasure in those that speak much, but in those that teach the truth; not in those that relate strange commandments, but in those that deliver the commandments given by the Lord to faith, and springing from the truth itself.  If, then, any one came, who had been a follower of the elders, I questioned him in regard to the words of the elders,— what Andrew or what Peter said, or what was said by Philip, or by Thomas or by James, or by John, or by Matthew or by any other of the disciples of the Lord, and what things Aristion and the presbyter John, the disciples of the Lord, say.  For I did not think that what was to be gotten from the books would profit me as much as what came from the living and abiding voice."  It is worth while observing here that the name John is twice enumerated by him.  The first one he mentions in connection with Peter and James and Matthew and the rest of the apostles, clearly meaning the evangelist; but the other John he mentions after an interval, and places him among others outside of the number of the apostles, putting Aristion before him, and he distinctly calls him a presbyter.  This shows that the statement of those is true, who say that there were two persons in Asia that bore the same name, and that there were two tombs in Ephesus, each of which, even to the present day is called John’s.  It is important to notice this. For it is probable that it was the second, if one is not willing to admit that it was the first that saw the Revelation, which is ascribed by name to John.  And Papias, of whom we are now speaking, confesses that he received the words of the apostles from those who followed them, but says that he was himself a hearer of Aristion and the presbyter John.  At least he mentions them frequently by name, and gives their traditions in his writings.  These things, we hope, have not been uselessly adduced by us."  (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 3.39.1-7)

At this time, while Anicetus was at the head of the church of Rome (ca. 155-66), IRENAEUS relates that Polycarp, who was still alive, was at Rome, and that he had a conference with Anicetus on a question concerning the day of the paschal feast.  And the same writer gives another account of Polycarp which I feel constrained to add to that which has been already related in regard to him.  The account is taken from the third book of Irenaeus’ work Against Heresies, and is as follows:  "But Polycarp also was not only instructed by apostles, and acquainted with many that had seen Christ, but was also appointed by apostles in Asia bishop of the church of Smyrna.  We too saw him in our early youth; for he lived a long time, and died, when a very old man, a glorious and most illustrious martyr’s death, having always taught the things which he had learned from the apostles, which the Church also hands down, and which alone are true.  To these things all the Asiatic churches testify, as do also those who, down to the present time, have succeeded Polycarp, who was a much more trustworthy and certain witness of truth than Valentinus and Marcion and the rest of the heretics.  He also was in Rome in the time of Anicetus and caused many to turn away from the above-mentioned heretics to the Church of God, proclaiming that he had received from the apostles this one and only system of truth which has been transmitted by the Church.  And there are those that heard from him (Polycarp) that John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe in Ephesus and seeing Cerinthus within, ran out of the bath-house without bathing, crying, ‘Let us flee, lest even the bath fall, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth, is within.’  And Polycarp himself, when Marcion once met him and said, ‘Knowest thou us?’ replied, ‘I know the first born of Satan.’  Such caution did the apostles and their disciples exercise that they might not even converse with any of those who perverted the truth; as Paul also said, ‘A man that is a heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject; knowing he that is such is subverted and sinneth, being condemned of himself’ (Titus 3:10-11).  There is also a very powerful epistle of Polycarp written to the Philippians, from which those that wish to do so, and that are concerned for their own salvation, may learn the character of his faith and the preaching of the truth." Such is the account of Irenaeus.  (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 4.14.1-8)

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